Cold War Era
When we remove the threat of nuclear war that loomed large during the Cold War era, it then becomes possible to engage in rational discourse on the subject. It is a subject that is endless in the complexities of the events and the powerful people behind those events. This paper concerns itself with those powerful world leaders, and events, using primary source documents and interviews, then, analyzing those sources to a measure of understanding the people and events today. The Cold War was a critical period in the history of the world, and it is the impact of the Cold War that continues to be a major influence on how world leaders respond to international threats and events today. Understanding the Cold War era, will help in putting into perspective and understanding the dynamics that concern each of us in the world today.
George F. Kennan (Part I)
U.S. Ambassador to Russia, George F. Kennan’s “Long Telegram (1946),” is a primary source for researching and understanding the Cold War era. The document, a telegram sent by Kennan from his embassy post in Russia in 1946 to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was a summation of Kennan’s impressions of the post World War II U.S.-Soviet relations. The telegram was meant to brief Kennan’s boss, the Secretary of State, who, in turn, would brief the President on Kennan’s perceptions. Kennan probably knew that the telegram would make the usual presidential cabinet rounds: Secretary of State, the President, Vice President, Press Secretary, Chief of Staff, and others in the president’s inner circle. The telegram made the rounds of the inner circle, but was also circulated to key figures in the Senate and the House. This, Kennan admits during a 1996 CNN interview, surprised him, because he believed that the telegram would receive a cursory review, and then the policymakers would proceed as they chose without being influenced by Kennan’s first-hand observations and recommendations. Kennan said:
was sometimes surprised and shocked at the enthusiasm with which this telegram was received and the things that I had to say generally — not just in the telegram — were received in Washington (CNN, Personal Interview, 1996).”
Kennan’s telegram, in 8,000 words, succinctly explains the mood in the U.S.S.R., and Kennan’s ideas about the volatility of the situation in the U.S.S.R. Kennan described the antagonistic moods between the U.S.S.R. And the U.S. In the moment, which in historical hindsight shows an extraordinary sensitivity to the situation and perception in analysis. Kennan’s telegram advises that there was no opportunity for a peaceful coexistence between the U.S. And the U.S.S.R. because of the opposing forces of capitalism and communism. Historians agree with Kennan’s assessment, citing in part the U.S.S.R.’s goal of expansionism (Murin, Johnson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg, Rosenberg, 2008, 826).
As a result of the antagonistic mood, and because the U.S. had proved itself militarily superior with its show of force nuclear against Japan, the race for nuclear armament between the U.S. And the U.S.S.R. ensued (Murin, Johnson, Fahs, et al., 887). In the telegram, Kennan offers an important insightful caution, which proves to be historically accurate. Kennan writes:
Intervention against USSR, while it would be disastrous to those who undertook it, would cause renewed delay in progress of Soviet socialism and must therefore be forestalled at all costs (Kennan, the Long Telegram, 1946).”
His words, telegraphed from Moscow in 1946, proved not only insightful, but served as an accurate assessment of what actually happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October, 1962 (Murin, Johnson, Fahs, et al., 887). This was the moment in Cold War history when the two super powers faced off in a show of potential strength. At the behest of Cuba’s communist leader, Fidel Castro, the Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, following a failed coup attempt by Cuban expatriates living in America, and sponsored by the Kennedy administration (887). Khrushchev, in a show of support for communism, sent and assembled Soviet missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States (887). In a show of rational leadership, but after much muscle flexing and tension, President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev faced off, and, in the end, Khrshchev dismantled the missiles (887).
A moment in time about which Kennan so accurately assessed in his telegram, was avoided, and it was clear that Kennan’s prediction of the disastrous outcome of such an event was well understood by the world. But Kennan’s words proved even more prophetic, because following his caution about intervention against the U.S.S.R., Kennan also said that intervention would interrupt the natural progress of Soviet socialism (Kennan, 1946).
The Novikav Telegram
Yet another and equally important and insightful telegram, this time from the Russian side; Nicolai Novikav’s September, 1946 telegram helps to set the stage for what would consume both sides of the political ideological divide in terms of paranoia (Novikav, 1946). Novikav, the U.S.S.R.’s Ambassador to the United States, was conveying to his superiors in Moscow his impressions of the mood and mind of the American political leaders, and his sense gained by being in America as to the mood generally of the American public.
Novikav establishes really the elements of the divide between the nations in the post war environment. His telegram explains how the Soviet’s almost resented the American geographical position that prevented them from being invaded and attacked by Germany, and that America expected the Soviet Union to be irreparably weakened by the German attack, or even destroyed. Novikav seems to establish that it was the advantage gained by the United States in the war by way of its geographical distance from the invading German forces that establishes a sense of “competition” between the two countries. Novikav says that America anticipated the destruction of its competitors, apparently contending that the two were in a pre-war competition of sorts.
Instead of alleviating this perspective, the U.S. pursued policies that were contentious, and validated Novikav’s assessment (Murin, Johnson, et al., 826). This makes Novikav’s telegram almost as prophetic as Kennan’s own, except that there is an almost irrational tone to it, as compared to Kennan’s ration tone advocating patience and persistence through diplomatic approaches.
Novikav’s telegram goes on to say that the American imperialists misjudged the strength of the U.S.S.R., inferring the Communist Party, and emphasizes the fall of Germany and Japan, but inferring, too, that the fall of these war instigators is somehow reflective of the fall of the United States. Looking at this in contemporary terms, it is perhaps more predictive of what would come to pass, rather than an honest assessment of the situation at the end of World War II.
The telegram analyzes the post war world in terms of economic power, suggesting that the United States would use its stronger position in commercial goods and food as a shoe horn by which to infiltrate and destroy European and Asian countries, and, of course, this included the U.S.S.R. It was an accurate assessment of the state of the world at the time, but a wholly inaccurate assessment of the ways in which America would use its resources.
The telegram is, overall, indicative of the hard-line position of the Stalin government. It is, in hindsight, almost pandering to Stalin’s own sense of paranoia and his obsession with what he believed was the plot to oust him.
National Security Council White Paper, 68
The National Security Council (NSC) White Paper, 68 (April, 1950) was written in a post World War II atmosphere of fear and distrust. China had fallen to Communism, and it was an expression of the fear of communist expansion. The NSC was attempting to assess the political instability of the situation that existed, and the distribution of power in the world between communism and capitalism. It accurately measures the mood of the public on both sides as one of anxiousness and fear of nuclear armament and war. This document was intended as a working tool for policy making in the Cold War era by the member nations of the NSC.
The document pays a particular attention to the military capabilities of both sides, and warns of the Soviet capability and threat, and perhaps, in historical hindsight, even exaggerates the capabilities and strength of that moment in time. But the point of the exaggeration is not so much that the Soviet Union had the capability and strength, but that it was a mindset of the Soviet Union to present that image of its position to strike out at the free world, such that it would progress towards the exaggerated strength and capabilities. This is emphasized in the section that describes the fundamental design of the Soviet government, and in describing the communist expansion.
The NSC document is meant to encourage the member nations to respond to the threat of communism by uniting, with the United States as the military protectorate of sorts. It actually expresses in clear terms that the U.S.S.R. is a threat to the free world, and that the U.S. has the power to initiate a successful strike against the U.S.S.R., which would ostensibly eliminate the threat posed by the U.S.S.R.’s capabilities. The report takes on a tone almost encouraging that to happen. It was very much the public mood of the time that would have supported that initiative. That the world came so close to the use of nuclear confrontation during the Cuban Missile Crisis is indicative of this, and it was only the ability of JFK to resist the military and other forces that would have plunged the world into nuclear war and disaster.
The single purpose of this document was to provide the rationale for an assault against the U.S.S.R. It provided the basis for foreign policy for most of the Cold War era, and that is supported by the poised position of the United States and other free world nations to strike out, and by the build up of nuclear arms in the U.S. And across Radio Free Europe (Murrin, Johnson, et al., 859-860).
The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X” in Foreign Affairs, July 1947
George Kennan, under the working title of X, wrote an article for quarterly publication, Foreign Affairs, in July of 1947. That Kennan wrote under a pseudonym is telling that his position in the paper might not have been consistent with that of the administration in which he served as U.S. Ambassador to Russia. Kennan frames his article in the confines of ideologically incompatible philosophies of communism and capitalism. He emphasizes, however, that both forces are politically driven, and it is the political body behind each philosophy that serves as the measure of its potential detriment to the other. This particular article seems to encompass more of a sense of impending doom that might be described as a mass paranoia of the Cold War era. It is a fearful article, one that details threat of the Soviet Union, not so much as a philosophy, rather as the machine driven by fundamentalists and fanatics who, aside from philosophy, would still remain a threat to society.
The Truman Speech
President Harry S. Truman came into office in the post World War II era to face the problems of the Cold War. The urgencies of the political upheaval around the world were numerous, and in his speech delivered before a session of joint Congress, Truman makes his case for America’s need to respond to calls for help from nations in the free world. In this case, Truman is referencing the call from Greece for financial and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey. Both countries, Truman surmised, were vulnerable to the forces of communism, because of their post war economic instability and hardships.
Truman reports on the conditions of both countries, reminding Congress, and the world, that both countries were allies during the war, and their state of post war devastation is as a result of the war. The vulnerability that a country is cast into when it faces economic devastation and political upheaval, the case with both Turkey and Greece, compels the U.S. To respond to the calls of these nations on a humanitarian level, a political level, and in the interest of the free world at large.
Truman’s goal is to appeal to the sense of responsibility, and the fear of communist expansion, in order to generate American economic and financial support for both Greece and Turkey. He was playing to an in tune audience, because Congress was already in a Cold War frame of mind, and the manifestation of that was going on around the country as people and institutions reacted to the threat of communism.
Truman suggests that there are two directions that a country’s leadership can take; that of communism, or free enterprise capitalism. He says:
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms (Truman, 1949).”
Clearly, the Congress, already in the defensive frame of mind, responded to the argument made by Truman, and took the necessary steps for Truman to support Greece and Turkey with economic and financial assistance (Murrin, Johnson, et al., 827).
Conclusion (Part II)
The Cold War era was a prolonged period of contentious coexistence between the ideologies of capitalism and communism. The events that drew the world to the brink of nuclear disaster were, in historical hindsight, events precipitated by the inexperience and poorly advised and poorly informed actions of American political and military leaders in response to a ruthless and enslaving communist policy of expansion. At the end, the world can only be grateful that communism has, for the most part, proved itself unsuccessful, a flawed theory of government and economics. It remains, however, uncertain as to whether or not capitalism will prove itself more tangible and successful a political and economic blending of theories, or whether or not it, too, will succumb an as yet unknown greater force; only to have outlasted its flawed counterpart in communism.
It is interesting to note that while people tend to consider the Cold War in terms of the United States and the former USSR, that now, as then, China loomed almost quietly in the background. In the historical accounts of the Cold War, the focus is on the U.S. And Soviet relations, with the policies between them serving as the driving forces of the Cold War era. China, however, as a communist nation, was very much in the moment of the Cold War. Now, we see China emerging as a more prominent player in world politics and in the global economy. China, having perhaps drawn a lesson from the failed communist political philosophies that brought down the Soviet Union, has evolved its brand of communism into a pseudo one; combining the economic elements of capitalism with the political ideologies of communism, and the result is that modern day China looks very different from the Communist China or Soviet Union of the Cold War era. It begs the question of whether or not China’s new and third formula is one that will survive the antiquated communism of the former Soviet Union, and the capitalism of the United States and other Cold World era free world nations.
The five primary documents used in this study reflect the poised position of the free world to embark upon the disastrous course of nuclear war, which Kennan so succinctly warns against in his “The Long Telegram.” Kennan is on target when he suggests that the forces of communism will work its way through the U.S.S.R., and would essentially result in the deterioration of that government. Each player’s position is well documented and presented in the primary documents, and they interact with one another: Novikav’s ideas, expressed in his own telegram, that the U.S. would use its economic advantage to infiltrate foreign governments could conceivably be borne out by President Truman’s 1947 speech before a joint session of Congress. The NSC White Paper 68 uses a language that encourages striking out against the U.S.S.R. The birth of the political rhetoric, which would flow for the next forty years, is reflected in these primary source documents.
The tension of the Cold War is expressed in these documents, although the hindsight reflection and analysis of historians helps to define the events, the strategies, rhetoric, and ideologies serves to further the understanding for those people who are of an age and mind to be politically active today, but whose own life experiences do not include the Cold War era. They are perhaps closer to the Cold War than even they realize, for their immediate family members did experience it. For each person who is living today, the Cold War has impacted their lives. Each of us, today, is in some way a product of the Cold War, and understanding the Cold War lends itself to understanding our own lives today.
Annotated Bibliography
Carter, Dale, and Robin Clifton, eds. War and Cold War in American Foreign Policy, 1942-62. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
The advantage of historical perspective is time, and this book is the reflection of that advantage in assessing the Cold War in America’s foreign policy by each of the post World War II presidential administrations. It also reflects the advantage of being removed from the events in such a way that perspectives slanted by emotional events can be assessed in a purely historical way. This is not a work of revisionism, but is a historical reporting of the Cold War era. The advantage is what the editors of this book refer to as the state of historian “discipline.” As noted by the editors, even the terminology and use of words such as “foreign relations, international history, foreign policy,” and “diplomatic policy,” are used in the book with a prescribed meaning in the description of the historical events. This kind of forethought given the language and the historical accounting of the period advances the understanding of the events, the people involved in those events, and the public’s reaction to the events.
Collins, Carole J.L. “The Cold War Comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo
Crisis.” Journal of International Affairs 47.1 (1993): 243-269.
Often times the Cold War is thought of as a state of affairs between the United States and the Soviet Union. This journal article helps to shed light on the Soviet Union’s goals of expansion, and that while the United States was its nemesis in capitalism, the Soviet Union focused its attention on the advancement of communism on a world scale. To discuss that expansion in terms of a non-super power, third world country, is to bring the point of expansion to the forefront in discussion. It also serves to show the vulnerability of third world countries, and how that vulnerability lends itself to super power manipulations. This journal article discusses this in terms of the 1960 Belgian Congo Crisis, which was as important a third world event as was the Cuban Missile Crisis. It also examines how the decolonization of the third world countries by the European super powers left those countries in a vulnerable state, providing a historical perspective, and reflection on lessons learned.
Harris, Oliver. “Cold War Correspondents: Ginsberg, Kerouac, Cassady, and the Political
Economy of Beat Letters.” Twentieth Century Literature 46.2 (2000): 171.
This is both an important and interesting journal article, and it brings the journalist’s perspective to the study of the Cold War. Journalists were on the front lines of reporting on the Cold War, and the journalistic style was perhaps more pure than what we see today in journalistic reporting. That purity was lacking in the political party affiliations that is detected in the post Cold War journalistic reporting. Also, the authors here rely upon letters exchanged during the era by prominent political figures like Allen Ginsberg. It reports, too, on the trial of the Rosenbergs, accused of being spies, for which they were subsequently found guilty of, and then executed. The article ties together the pieces of the Cold War era in a way that dissects the paranoia of the period. The paranoia was a strong driving force on both sides of the Cold War lines.
Hinds, Lynn Boyd, and Windt, Theodore Otto. The Cold War as Rhetoric: The Beginnings, 1945-1950. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991.
This book discusses the Cold War in terms of the rhetoric employed during the era. The rhetoric is complex, and it is the reason contemporary historians like Dale Carter and Robin Clifton give so much thought to the use of terms like international relations, diplomatic policy, and foreign policy. These kinds of words were the rhetoric of the Cold War era, and expertly employed by politicians in an almost code-like way of communicating between one another in the public arena. Hinds and Windt are, in some ways, decoding the Cold War period by breaking down the rhetoric, showing that specific word combinations evoked certain and specific actions. That these actions and reactions were intended, or predicted by either side employing the rhetoric, and that the use of rhetoric was calculated and intended.
Kennan, George. The Long Telegram, 1946.
This is a primary source document, and was written by the U.S. Ambassador to the U.S.S.R., who was telegramming the U.S. Secretary of State his impressions of the post war USSR. It is important for its historical perspective of in time details, but also because Kennan is warning against the more pervasive idea of aggression against the Soviet Union. His advice for patience, and his suggestion that given time, the Soviet Union would succumb to its own flawed system, proved prophetic, although Kennan does not minimize the threat posed by the Soviet Union. Kennan understood with clarity that many others of the time seemed not to possess, that nuclear confrontation would not yield winners or losers, only disaster.
Kennan, George. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X” in Foreign Affairs, July 1947. A primary source document, this document reflects the personal ideas of George Kennan, whose personal ideas were not necessarily those of the administration, which he served under as U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union when he wrote the document. The document serves explores Kennan’s impressions of political philosophies of America and the Soviet Union. It suggests, too, that those philosophies aside, and the leadership of the Soviet Union, being a fanatical one, would continue to pose a threat to society. This article is a cautionary one, expressing hope that the United States will prevail in along a rational course of action when testing the patience of the Soviet Union. In the end, Kennan surmises, the will of the American people would be strong enough to deter any threat of war, because it is not inherent in the nature of Americans not to be aggressors, but defenders of their home and principles.
Medhurst, Martin J. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Revised ed.
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1997.
These authors take the important element of Cold War rhetoric and expand upon its analysis by incorporating into their discussions the additional elements of metaphor, ideology, and strategy. The book goes into detail as to the specific speeches by world leaders throughout the Cold War era, which are particularly directed towards conveying the mood and mind of the speaker as regards the relationship between the world super powers. The speeches cited and analyzed throughout the book are based on primary source documents, and the analysis of the documents reflects a broad and open minded analysis within the framework of historical examination. It connects the pivotal political statements with the strategies of the parties, which in turn expressed the ideologies under which the nations of the world were operating as governments. This level of analysis and use of primary documents is essential to furthering the understanding of the period in which those political expressions were made.
National Security Council White Paper, 68, 1950.
This is a primary source document that analyzes the post World War II balance of power between the free world countries and the communist countries; most notably, the United States and the U.S.S.R. The document substantiates the need to be nuclear armament prepared and responsive, even pre-emptive. It establishes the frame of mind of the leadership of the member nations in the National Security Council, and demonstrates that there was a prevailing thought that the Soviet Union would arm itself with nuclear weapons, and use those weapons without hesitation against non-communist countries.
Siracusa, Joseph M. “The “New” Cold War History and the Origins of the Cold War.”
The Australian Journal of Politics and History 47.1 (2001): 149.
This journal article examines the Cold War in terms of the individuals, the agencies, the political spying, and puts it into the contemporary context as defined by more recent government definitions. It begins by citing the remarks of Clinton administration Secretary of State Madeleine Albright’s remarks about the era. Albright described the era as a time of.”.. relentless and institutionalized tragedy.” This journal article takes Albright’s comments and, in a journalistic style, puts them into context of the greater picture of the Cold War itself.
The article is useful for the segue between the periods, and for introducing concepts, which would then have to be elaborated upon through the use of more succinct and extensive works. The article is valid for this purpose because it reflects the framing of the era in terms of a standing American presidential administration, and that insight is useful, although not important. The usefulness of the article in several ways is why it is used for this study.
Truman, Harry S. Doctrine Speech, 1947.
This primary document elaborates the American approach to stemming the expansion of communism by providing free nations economic and financial assistance. It is a policy that, begun in the post war era of the Cold War, continues today, but with a different goal. It can be viewed as a strategy of the Cold War, one about which Nikolai Novikav warned in his telegram to the Kremlin while in the United States serving as the Soviet Ambassador to the United States. The speech is focused on providing economic and financial aid to Greece and Turkey, and Truman makes his case for assistance to both countries, warning Congress that the failure to do so would put Greece and Turkey in a position to be swallowed by communism. Truman warns that Greece is already experiencing the internal turmoil of terrorists (presumably communist insurgents).
Whitcomb, Roger S. The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years. Westport, CT:
Praeger Publishers, 1998.
This book is yet another benefit of hindsight, and analyzes the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the moment of that era. Whitcomb focuses on the intentions and capabilities of the Soviet Union, presenting the contemporary analysis of that perspective. He limits his study in this book to the years of the necessary, but unlikely alliance between the Allied forces during World War II, and the period following the war, when the players went back to their separate sides, and the atmosphere grew increasingly cold. Whitcomb contends that it was the position of mutual antagonisms that fueled the Cold War, and he focuses on that as his thesis in a way in which the other works work around that idea in developing their respective theses. Zeroing in on the mutual antagonism that existed keeps the discussion in this book brief, but succinct in making the point of Whitcomb’s thesis. It proves useful to a study on the Cold War because it explores the mutual antagonism in terms of culpability without bias.
White, Timothy J. “Cold War Historiography: New Evidence Behind Traditional
Typographies.” International Social Science Review (2000): 35.
In this journal article, Timothy White attempts to examine the Cold War era in terms of a “new evidence,” which is really the contemporary perspective void of the closeness that lends itself to emotional impact on historical reporting. He really does not introduce any new evidence by way of documents, but the newness of the perspective that is gained by time and distance from the actual events of the Cold War. It is what he describes as the “…passion that surrounded writing Cold War history.. (35).” It is important to have the discussion as to the importance of the distance in contemporary perspectives in any study about the Cold War era. In this way, White’s journal article proves useful, because it covers the thesis in a concise and measured way using specific examples of leadership and events.
Wisseman, Nicholas. “Falsely Accused: Cold War Liberalism Reassessed.” The Historian
Wisseman’s journal article is of particular interest, because it examines the “liberal” American statesman, one of the driving forces behind the paranoia of the Cold War era. He brings a perspective to the study by introducing figures other than the heads of the government, such as the University of Illinois’s President George D. Stoddard, who, in 1946, seemingly wrapped up in the prevailing air of paranoia, actually created an on-campus security office, the purpose of which was to perform surveillance of the university’s student body for “subversiveness.” It was an extraordinary period of people reacting to the rhetoric of the era, which served to heighten anxieties as well as fears. This is the kind of thing about Kennan warned against in his “The Long Telegram,” and which manifested itself in some of the most intriguing and interesting social events in American history. The study of the Cold War era cannot be full informed without closely examining the paranoia that existed on both sides of the political ideological line.
Works Cited
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101716089
Carter, Dale, and Robin Clifton, eds. War and Cold War in American Foreign Policy, 1942-62. New York: Palgrave, 2002. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101716091.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000218690
Collins, Carole J.L. “The Cold War Comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo Crisis.” Journal of International Affairs 47.1 (1993): 243-269. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000218690.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001791496
Harris, Oliver. “Cold War Correspondents: Ginsberg, Kerouac, Cassady, and the Political Economy of Beat Letters.” Twentieth Century Literature 46.2 (2000): 171. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001791496.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14289583
Hinds, Lynn Boyd, and Theodore Otto Windt. The Cold War as Rhetoric: The Beginnings, 1945-1950. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14289583.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11078688
Medhurst, Martin J. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Revised ed. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1997. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11078688.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000969939
Siracusa, Joseph M. “The “New” Cold War History and the Origins of the Cold War.” The Australian Journal of Politics and History 47.1 (2001): 149. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000969939.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26243570
Whitcomb, Roger S. The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26243570.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001180667
White, Timothy J. “Cold War Historiography: New Evidence Behind Traditional Typographies.” International Social Science Review (2000): 35. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001180667.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5010965857
Wisseman, Nicholas. “Falsely Accused: Cold War Liberalism Reassessed.” The Historian 66.2 (2004): 320+. Questia. 8 Oct. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5010965857.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
